1. Helium and Oxygen are similar because they are both abundant in the universe. Helium and Oxygen are also both gases. They are different because Helium is not reactive (noble gas) and oxygen is highly reactive. The author compares the periodic table to a map which is really effective because it shows the location of the elements in the periodic table.
2. Helium is a member of the group called the noble gas.
3. The electron is the subatomic particle that determines the reactivity of an element.
4. If you go up or down by 1 on the pH scale, you've changed by a factor of strength. This is similar to the Richter Scale for earthquakes. So an acid with a pH of 3 is 1000 times stronger than an acid with a pH of 6.
5. Gilbert Lewis changed the definitions of acids because he went on a microscopic level and shwoed how acids and bases swapped electrons.
Maria Goeppert-Mayer explained how elements such as helium, oxygen and calcium are all very common because they have filled shells in the nucleus. Goeppert-Mayer discovered how even the nuclei have shells which prompted her into winning a Nobel Peace Prize.
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